Abstract
The Marlowe Monte-Carlo backscattering code has been used to calculate particle reflection coefficients and energy distributions for H, D incident upon Li, K, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, Cs, Hf, W, Pt, and U surfaces. The backscattered energy and angular distributions are combined with a model for formation and survival probabilities for H/sup -/, D/sup -/ leaving the surface. A least-squares fit of experimental measurements of H/sup -/ yields from the composite surface, Cs/Cu, has been used to obtain two semi-empirical constants, ..cap alpha.., ..beta.. which enter into the formation and survival probabilities. These probabilities are used to calculate the production probability which in turn provides an upper limit to the negative ion yield. The choice of electrode material is discussed as a function of atomic number.
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