Abstract
This article presents a model to estimate the energy use and fuel consumption of cruise ships that sail Norwegian waters. Automatic identification system (AIS) data and technical information about cruise ships provided input to the model, including service speed, total power, and number of engines. The model was tested against real-world data obtained from a small cruise vessel and both a medium and large cruise ship. It is sensitive to speed and the corresponding engine load profile of the ship. A crucial determinate for total fuel consumption is also associated with hotel functions, which can make a large contribution to the overall energy use of cruise ships. Real-world data fits the model best when ship speed is 70–75% of service speed. With decreased or increased speed, the model tends to diverge from real-world observations. The model gives a proxy for calculation of fuel consumption associated with cruise ships that sail to Norwegian waters and can be used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and to evaluate energy reduction strategies for cruise ships.
Highlights
Global use of heavy oil and diesel for ships makes a small contribution to climate change−some2.2% of global emissions of CO2 on the order of 795–938 Mt CO2 in 2012 [1]
Shipping will be affected by climate policy because under low-carbon scenarios, there will be a steep decline in the supply of oil that is still traded by the shipping industry [4,5]
Cruise ships account for only a small share of the global shipping emissions, though they are increasingly discussed in other sustainability contexts, concerning local and regional air pollution [6,7,8]
Summary
Global use of heavy oil and diesel for ships makes a small contribution to climate change−some. Air lubrication or low friction hull coatings, engine tuning, propeller polishing, water flow-optimisation at hull openings, the use of propeller boss caps with fins, speed control of pumps and fans, main engine tuning, shore-side electricity, as well as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or biodiesel replacing oil and diesel have all been discussed with regard to their potential to reduce emissions [23] Several of these technologies are already in use in cruise ships [25], and their market introduction may be stepped up by emerging marine policies such as CO2 taxes or emission-control areas (ECA). Information about port emissions obtained from questionnaires filled out by cruise companies and obtained from a fuel-monitoring system has been incorporated
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