Abstract
Precision medicine considers an individual’s unique physiological characteristics as strongly influential in disease vulnerability and in response to specific therapies. Predicting an individual’s susceptibility to developing an illness, making an accurate diagnosis, maximizing therapeutic effects, and minimizing adverse effects for treatment are essential in precision medicine. We introduced model-based precision medicine optimization approaches, including pathogenesis, biomarker detection, and drug target discovery, for treating presynaptic dopamine overactivity. Three classes of one-hit and two-hit enzyme defects were detected as the causes of disease states by the optimization approach of pathogenesis. The cluster analysis and support vector machine was used to detect optimal biomarkers in order to discriminate the accurate etiology from three classes of disease states. Finally, the fuzzy decision-making method was employed to discover common and specific drug targets for each classified disease state. We observed that more accurate diagnoses achieved higher satisfaction grades and dosed fewer enzyme targets to treat the disease. Furthermore, satisfaction grades for common drugs were lower than for specific ones, but common drugs could simultaneously treat several disease states that had different etiologies.
Highlights
The concept of precision medicine has been recognized by clinicians and biomedical researchers and by patients and policy makers in recent years [1]
The mathematical model of the nigrostriatal dopamine network accessed from Qi et al [42, 43] is expressed as the generalized mass action framework that consisted of 34 metabolites, 18 independent variables, and 68 target enzymes
The extracellular dopamine (DA-e) concentration was obtained from the model at steady state to be 400 assigned as the healthy state (HS)
Summary
The concept of precision medicine has been recognized by clinicians and biomedical researchers and by patients and policy makers in recent years [1]. Precision medicine is defined as treatments tailored to individual patients on the basis of their genetic, biomarker, phenotypic, and psychosocial characteristics that distinguish a given patient from other patients with similar clinical presentations [2]. The goals of precision medicine are to identify an individual’s susceptibility to disease, obtain an accurate diagnosis, and deliver an efficient treatment. Some successful examples of precision medicine are present in oncology, relatively few examples exist in psychiatry [3, 4]. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder that afflicts approximately 1% of the population worldwide, but its cause remains unknown [5].
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