Abstract
In the context of climate change, planning for forest management goals becomes more complicated. Possible changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 can affect tree growth substantially and potential effects differ by species and region. However, integration of potential forest growth responses to these factors can be achieved using models. Because of the need to understand the range of forest growth forecasts and the strengths and limitations of different modeling approaches, I summarized results from 25 studies of forecasted forest responses over coming decades. Some models used statistical relationships between tree rings and climate to forecast growth responses to future climate, some simulated net photosynthesis of a standard forest canopy, and many used tree or stand growth models at various levels of mechanistic detail. In general, models that included CO2 responses predicted enhanced forest growth by 2100 across most of the commercial timberland areas of the US and Canada. For modest warming, most models showed growth enhancement in most regions. For hotter scenarios, many models and regions showed even more growth enhancement, but some regions such as the Southwest, mountain West, and southwestern Canada were predicted to experience drought stress and increased fire incidence, although projections in these regions were variable. Young stands, angiosperms, and early-successional species were predicted to exhibit the most positive responses. As a result, commercial harvest ages might be accelerated by several years, depending on species. Some simulations for the Midwest and Northeast US predicted a doubling or more of net primary productivity although other studies show a lesser response. Model runs that did not include mechanisms of CO2 fertilization showed positive growth responses in only limited cases and generally showed growth declines. There also was some evidence indicating the potential spread of forest into woodland at shrub or prairie ecotones.
Highlights
Response of forests to future climate change is of great interest
Because of the need to understand the range of forest growth forecasts and the strengths and limitations of different modeling approaches, I summarized results from 25 studies of forecasted forest responses over coming decades
Climate models and forest growth models used in the reviewed publications are described, and projections of forest growth response to potential changes in climate factors are summarized
Summary
Response of forests to future climate change is of great interest. Some forecasts project large forest growth declines (e.g., [1] [2] [3] [4]). It is posited that change could be too rapid for species to keep up, causing dieback at warm range margins and possible extinctions of species Any of these changes would be detrimental to forests, biodiversity, forest landowners, and the forest products industry. Piao et al [9] compared 10 terrestrial carbon cycle models to flux tower and other data They found an increase globally of 7% in net primary productivity (NPP) on average across models over the past three decades, due to rising CO2, with more benefit in drier regions, as did Ahlström et al [10] since 1950. Because a comprehensive review is lacking, this report summarizes and evaluates current state of the art model forecasts of forest growth responses to rising CO2 and hypothesized changes in climate factors in North America, excluding Mexico, over coming decades. Climate models and forest growth models used in the reviewed publications are described, and projections of forest growth response to potential changes in climate factors are summarized
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