Model Based Estimation of a Natural Water Balance as Reference for Planning in Urban Areas

Abstract

The water balance of urban areas differs considerably from the landscape water balance. Increased surface runoff, reduced groundwater recharge and evaporation change the hydrological regime, the morphology and ecology of water bodies close to the cities, the groundwater in the urban area and the urban climate. Today’s urban drainage systems are designed to prevent, reduce, drain, seep away, evaporate or discharge precipitation into nearby surface waters with considerable delays. In doing so, it follows the principles of the German Water Resources Act (WHG) and the objectives of the relevant technical regulations DWA-A 102 to keep changes in the natural water balance by settlement activities as low as ecologically, technically and economically acceptable. A reference for the “natural” water balance has to be defined as a planning objective in order to quantify the hydrological changes in settlements. As a suitable reference, we propose to use the water balance of the landscape of the associated ecoregion with today’s cultural land use without urban developments. This approach is more suitable to define local conditions than the water balance of the enclosed catchment. The presented calculation approach to define reference values of the water balance, uses soil and geological properties, precipitation and climate data and can be implemented and applied uniformly throughout Germany. The water balances in this study are simulated with the water balance model RoGeR. In this study, the developed approach is applied for five locations in Germany.