Abstract
In this paper, we review some of the most recent research regarding design, simulation, implementation and evaluation of dynamic tolling schemes. Analyzing the structure of the reviewed studies, we identify the common elements and the differences in the approaches chosen by different authors, presenting an overview of the methods for price definition and of the simulation techniques as well as a discussion on the newest technology applications in the field. Optimization revealed to be the dominant price definition method, while control-based algorithms are notably employed for managed lanes toll pricing schemes. Regarding traffic and driver behavior simulation we observed a great variety of solutions throughout the reviewed papers, with a prevalence of macroscopic models for the former and logit models for the latter. Still few papers include models for externalities quantification, while AI paradigms are gaining importance in the field.
Highlights
During the last decades, the technique of dynamic pricing has started to play a key-role in manifold domains of Intelligent Transportation Systems, such as fare pricing, charging/discharging pricing for electric vehicles, parking pricing and congestion pricing [1].This technique entails the variation of prices according to market conditions, in response to the demand-supply imbalance
We have identified the main objectives of dynamic toll pricing in keeping free-flow conditions, minimizing travel times and reducing externalities
We have observed that control-based price definition rules focus more on satisfying the first objective, while optimization-based algorithms, which represent the prevalent method, are built upon the maximization of some performance index of the system
Summary
The technique of dynamic pricing has started to play a key-role in manifold domains of Intelligent Transportation Systems, such as fare pricing, charging/discharging pricing for electric vehicles, parking pricing and congestion pricing [1]. Managedtoll lanes, i.e. High Occupancy Toll (HOT) and Express lanes facilities constitute pricing, we evaluated the studies published to date This analysis was based on the one of the fewScopus examples of congestion toll pricing operating of January. The query dynamic toll pricing is implemented on at least managed lanes facilities in the United written to find documents matching the keywords ‘dynamic’ AND ‘toll’ AND ’pricing’ in States [5] and the their schemes are considered to be theThis closest toprovided pure dynamic toll [6], while, 21, 1, 0. Dynamic documents on the Scopus search engine,efforts characterized different keywords toll pricing, we evaluated the studies published to date. This analysis was based on the Keywords
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