Abstract
The spot size at which the electric field distribution for higher-order modes in few-mode fibers (FMFs) is approximated by a higher-order Gaussian profile is a promising parameter for estimating various transmission characteristics. To establish a technique for measuring the mode field diameter (MFD) corresponding to higher-order Gaussian spot size for any-order mode in FMFs, we investigate the relation between the higher-order Gaussian spot size and the values yielded by conventional MFD definitions. We then present formulas that output the MFD values corresponding to higher-order Gaussian spot size. Some examples of the MFD values for typical few-mode fibers determined experimentally and numerically are also shown.
Highlights
Few-Mode fibers (FMFs) have recently attracted attention as transmission media that can realize large capacity transmission through the use of mode division multiplexing (MDM) [1], [2]
This paper theoretically investigated the relation between the higher-order Gaussian spot size and the mode field diameter (MFD) values of higher-order modes obtained from conventional second moment definitions
We found that the MFD values obtained with the above definitions are proportional or inversely proportional to the function of the azimuthal and radial numbers of the linearly polarized (LP) mode to be measured
Summary
Few-Mode fibers (FMFs) have recently attracted attention as transmission media that can realize large capacity transmission through the use of mode division multiplexing (MDM) [1], [2]. Unlike conventional transmission systems based on single-mode fibers (SMFs), MDM transmission systems use several guided modes as different transmission channels. The transmission characteristics of optical fibers are generally related to the electric field distribution of guided modes. In conventional SMFs, the field distribution of the fundamental (LP01) mode can be approximated by a Gaussian profile, and characterized by a single parameter, the mode field diameter (MFD). For higher-order modes that have circumferentially symmetric intensity profiles such as vector modes (HE, EH, TE, TM modes) and linearly polarized (LP) modes with azimuthal number of zero, their field distributions can be approximated by Laguerre Gaussian modes. The field distributions of those that have circumferentially asymmetric profiles such as LP modes with non-zero azimuthal number, can be approximated by a Hermite Gaussian mode or an appropriate superposition of
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