Abstract
The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision. The mode-field-diameter (MFD) is a very important parameter of a single-mode waveguide, and it is related to many important optical characteristics of a single-mode waveguide. Here we show that MFDs of outer segments of human foveal cones are close to the minimum values at their geometric diameter for outer segments of foveal cones. Small MFD of outer segment is important for eyes to have high spatial resolution and low interaction between neighboring cones. We propose that the ellipsoids of foveal cones act as spot size converters to reduce the coupling losses between myoids and outer segments.
Highlights
The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision
In 1998, the coauthor of this paper found that the outer segments of human foveal cones are single-mode optical waveguides, which can support the foveal cones to have the function of high resolution and fast response speed to light [4]
We first discuss the normalized frequency V of foveal cones and rods so that we can find out whether each part of photoreceptors works at single-mode or multimode; we study the MFD of photoreceptors; we study the role of ellipsoids in foveal cones as spot size converters to reduce the coupling loss and we find the coupling loss is close to minimum at the golden ratio point
Summary
The characteristics of optical waveguide of human photoreceptors play important roles in vision. In 1998, the coauthor of this paper found that the outer segments of human foveal cones are single-mode optical waveguides, which can support the foveal cones to have the function of high resolution and fast response speed to light [4]. Anhui Liang first reported the outer segments of foveal cones are single-mode fibers in 1998, and it was earlier than 2004 when the first commercial single-mode photodetectors were used in optical fiber communication systems. We first discuss the normalized frequency V of foveal cones and rods so that we can find out whether each part of photoreceptors works at single-mode or multimode; we study the MFD of photoreceptors; we study the role of ellipsoids in foveal cones as spot size converters to reduce the coupling loss and we find the coupling loss is close to minimum at the golden ratio point
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