Abstract
The behavior of an extraordinary wave normally incident along a decreasing magnetic field gradient in a warm collisionless toroidal plasma is considered. Full electromagnetic Vlasov theory is used and the density gradient lengths are assumed to be much larger than all wavelengths. In the case for which the upper hybrid layer is accessible, it is shown that the incident wave almost completely converts into a backward Bernstein mode at the layer. The Bernstein mode then propagates until it is absorbed near the cyclotron layer. The second harmonic generated by this pump field is calculated, and its usefulness for poloidal magnetic field measurements in tokamaks is discussed. The theory is found to be in qualitative agreement with previous experimental results.
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