Mobilization and redistribution of REEs and thorium in a syenitic lateritic profile: A mass balance study

Abstract

REE-Th geochemistry and mineralogy have been studied in a lateritic profile derived from a syenite at Akongo in SW Cameroon. REE and Th mass balance calculations for the host-rock minerals show that at least 70% of the LREE s and 50% of the HREEs are contained in allanite, apatite, titanite, and epidote and at least 50% of the Th is controlled by the same accessory minerals which represent about 2 wt% of the unaltered syenite. These accessory phases are destroyed during the first stages of weathering causing most of the REEs and Th to be rapidly released into the soil. Comparison of the variation in the Zr, Ti, and Th content as a function of the apparent density of the different zones of the saprolite shows that Th is the least mobile element. The presence of secondary thorianite (ThO 2), the etched surface on zircon grains, and the presence of Ti in secondary cerianite support this geochemical interpretation. The concentration of thorium was, therefore, chosen as invariant relative to the concentration of the other elements, especially the REEs, in mass balance calculations. Most of the REEs are leached in the iron-rich upper horizons (loose nodular horizon, iron crust, and top of mottled clay horizon). Where the groundwater table moves (saprolite and bottom of the mottled clay horizon), the REEs are fractionated and redistributed. There is a juxtaposition of leached and accumulation zones with precipitation of LREE aluminous hydrated phosphates. This study supports the existence of two different cycles for the redistribution of elements in the soil: 1. (1) as dissolved ions in the saprolite horizon, and 2. (2) as individual particles in the upper part of the profile.