Abstract
Urban mobility is experiencing a profound change. Mobility patterns are becoming more complex, and typical home–work–home travel is no longer the rule, as journeys tend to connect multiple points in a rather inconstant pattern. This has changed the approach to transport planning. Existing transportation planning and operation approaches have been focussed on the ability to identify and forecast typical home–work/school–home travel and subsequently plan the transport system accordingly. The traditional approach has been: Forecast - > plan - > deliver. New mobility patterns and mobility solutions are characterised by greater flexibility, taking advantage of the “sharing concept” and simultaneously providing solutions that have lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These dynamics and an evolving environment raise several new challenges at different levels, fostering the development of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). This system transforms the physical transportation system into a commodity and takes advantage of the internet of things (IoT). However, the onset of MaaS solutions is anything but linear. Several business models have emerged, with different partners originating from different industries (e.g., technological, transport operators, infrastructure managers, etc.) developing their own solutions, often in competition with others. It is not unusual to find different MaaS solutions in the same city, which integrate different solutions. This paper intends to provide an analysis on the main challenges affecting mobility in general, and MaaS in particular, as well as the main business models used for delivering MaaS solutions. The paper uses a case study in Lisbon to illustrate some of the challenges.
Highlights
Over recent years, urban mobility has experienced a profound change
It will still take some time to fully implement the true concept of MaaS at its most advanced level
For the existing status quo is still based on a competitive strategy, rather than a pooling of MaaS operators, and it is still unclear who will be the winners
Summary
Urban mobility has experienced a profound change. is it becoming more and more complex, but typically home–work–home travel is no longer the rule. The typical forecast–plan–deliver paradigm is progressively being abandoned These transformations have made urban mobility become less predictable, whereby it follows a fuzzier pattern, with urban mobility acting as an “active organism”, changing and adapting to new circumstances and patterns. With regards to travel payment, the typical model of a monthly pass vs a one-travel ticket can no longer meet the demand of less stable patterns with regards to transport utilisation, as the payment system needs to integrate different modes and mobility solutions. Part of the response to the challenges posed by these new realities is the development of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) solutions which: “Combine transport services from public and private transport providers through a unified gateway that creates and manages the trip, which users can pay for with a single account.
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