Abstract
In vehicular communication, roadside infrastructure, such as WiFi APs, often requires a large amount of investment. In this paper, we propose the idea of Mobile Vehicular Offloading (MoVeOff), which doesn't require extra investment, but allows data transfer from on-board devices to mobile devices of drivers and passengers, for uploading to the Internet in the future. When they arrive at their homes, offices, or other places where WiFi connection is available, vehicular data will be offloaded in a delay-tolerant manner, by the ferrying of mobile devices. We build a realistic system to investigate the regularities in people's daily travelling and WiFi usage, analyze individual mobility, and establish a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) model to predict one's future WiFi connectivity. Moreover, a mobility-aware routing scheme is developed for inter-vehicle communication. Each vehicle broadcasts its expected offloading probability and delay, so that messages are dynamically delivered to the nodes, whose offloading can guarantee delay and delivery ratio bounds required by applications. Thus, our scheme overcomes traditional opportunistic forwarding, and introduces predictable ferrying guaranteed by individual mobility. Through system running and simulations, we demonstrate that our scheme provides extra and stable offloading service for delay-tolerant data in the areas with sparse roadside infrastructures.
Highlights
IntroductionQuick and easy transport has been an essential part of modern society. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging as a new technology to integrate the capabilities of new generation wireless networks with vehicles, which has drawn significant interests from both academia and industry
Nowadays, quick and easy transport has been an essential part of modern society
V2I traffic plays a vital role for integrating Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) with the Internet, which makes a foundation for a broad range of vehicular applications, such as traffic control, parking management, urban sensing, content sharing, and other interactive applications
Summary
Quick and easy transport has been an essential part of modern society. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are emerging as a new technology to integrate the capabilities of new generation wireless networks with vehicles, which has drawn significant interests from both academia and industry. Since moving vehicles can encounter roadside WiFi APs, relays, and other units during travel, VANETs have Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, and support data services for vehicles as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. Since WiFi APs have limited coverage, the contacts between moving vehicles and encountered APs are often opportunistic, fleeting, and intermittent. Each WiFi AP needs costly installation and maintenance of power and wired network connectivity, so that WiFi projects for the public often require a large amount of investment, especially at the city scale. It makes open WiFi unachievable for many cities and highways. According to our test in realistic daily driving (in Section III), a typical vehicle trip may encounter
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