Abstract
Health hazards are of great concern to cellular phone users. One important measure of the effect of electromagnetic radiation into human body is the specific absorption rate (SAR). If the human body is exposed to electromagnetic radiation, the amount of power absorbed by its tissues per mass volume should be limited and not to exceed a maximum SAR value. The cellular phone radiated through its antenna in all directions a certain amount of electromagnetic energy. This energy is concentrated in the near field region, where the user’s head is located during the call. The closest organ that is very sensitive to temperature change is the inner ear (it is just under the cellular phone antenna) where it contains a controlled viscosity liquid. In this paper we devise a two-antenna design to generate a low radiation in the direction of user’s head while using the cellular phone. By creating a null in the radiation pattern in the direction of user’s head we minimize the risk of hazards on the user. We optimize the null steering such that the device maintains a good connection to its base station and keeps the SAR level under the allowed maximum value using Lagrange method. To implement the analytical solution in real time simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is used. Results showed that we could steer the radiation pattern to optimize the radiated power in the direction of base station under the limited SAR level constraint. Simulated annealing algorithm is adopted to find the near optimal delay value to steer the antenna radiation pattern since it finds the global optimal point. It shows that a real time processing on the mobile unit can be performed to solve for the best null direction while the device is active.
Highlights
The design of antennas for wireless personal communication systems is the subject of much research that is mo-How to cite this paper: Rahhal, J.S. (2014) Mobile Phone Antenna with Reduced Radiation into Inner Ear
Lagrange multiplier method can be used to find the optimal value of δ, such that we maximize the radiated energy in the base station direction under the constraint not to exceed a maximum value for the specific absorption rate (SAR)
We propose to use an iterative technique based on simulated annealing (SA) method to solve for the optimal delay [19]-[22]
Summary
How to cite this paper: Rahhal, J.S. (2014) Mobile Phone Antenna with Reduced Radiation into Inner Ear. The closest human sensitive part to the handset in calling position is the human brain and ear in most mobile models or at least close enough to cause harmful effects The tissues of these organs are mostly nerves plus liquid and they carry electrical signals that might be affected by electromagnetic radiation from the wireless device [1]-[9]. The problem with the inner ear arises from the fact that its inner liquid heat dissipation is not suited to dissipate heat generated from high radiation near the ear This will maximize the risk of losing balance and/or changing the physical characteristics of the inner ear and hearing impairment might occur [10] [12]. This paper presents an antenna design to minimize radiation in the inner ear direction and at the same time produce an acceptable radiation pattern that can be used to communicate with base stations
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