Mn-Fe catalyzed microwave combustion-plasma hybrid synthesis of 2D chips-like Mn-Fe boosted TiO2 architecture self-assembled of nano-walled honeycomb-like super-macroporous: Green fuel generation

Abstract

The productive 2D chips-like Mn-Fe boosted TiO2 as self-assembled nano-walled honeycomb-like super-macroporous was synthesized via the Mn-Fe catalyzed microwave combustion-plasma hybrid to generate biodiesel. The physicochemical property of Mn-Fe doped TiO2 (Mn = 2at% & Fe = 2at.%) were executed by X-ray diffraction, FESEM, BET-BJH, TEM, and TPD-NH3 analyses. Fe and Mn increased the rutile phase and widened pores. 2D surface analysis of plasma-treated catalyst displayed the chips-like framework constructed of nanosheets comprising super-macropores. Plasma destroyed crumbly walls between pores. Hence more acidic sites were exposed, and the diffusion of large feed molecules within pores was eased. The total pore volume was 0.058 and 0.111 cm3/g, and the mean pore diameter was 2.94 and 4.57 nm, based on BET-BJH results. Besides, conversion was 91.9 and 96.1 % and after six runs conversion loss was 2.17 and 0.21 % for MnFe(2:2)TiO2 (MWC) and MnFe(2:2)TiO2 (PMWC), respectively. Conversion loss in MnFe(2:2)TiO2 (MWC) was because of the formation of a composite between undoped Mn and Fe and Ti oxides. The plasma made the bond between the composite components stronger and inhibited the leaching of components, so plasma made leaching slight.