Abstract
Synthesizing polyol-based ester from biomass feedstocks for the preparation of biolubricant overcomes the dependence on petroleum oil usage. Albeit biomass-derived bio-oil is an alternative for the production of polyol ester, upgrading is essential prior to use as biolubricant. Levulinic acid (LA), obtained from bio-oil was applied for the catalytic esterification with two polyols, e.g., trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE), in the presence of mixed-ligand Ni(II), Co(II), and Fe(II) complexes as catalyst. New mixed-ligand coordination complexes with empirical formula; [Ni(Phe)(Bpy)Cl].H2O, [Co(Phe)(Bpy)Cl].H2O, and [Fe(Phe)(Tyr)Cl].H2O were synthesized by the reaction of ligands [L-phenylalanine (Phe), 4,4'-bipyridine (Bpy), and L-tyrosine (Tyr)] with metal chloride salts and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, FTIR, TGA/DTA, powder-XRD, and SEM techniques. This study aims to investigate the catalytic activities of the complexes via esterification reaction of levulinic acid with trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. In addition, these catalysts were further employed for the in situ hydrogenation of levulinate esters via NaBH4 at room temperature upon refluxing. Indeed, the iron(II) complex was more potential, exhibiting its efficiency as a homogeneous catalyst for esterification-hydrogenation reaction for synthesizing ester-based oils.
Highlights
Cheapest and efficient biomass conversion processes have recently been widely explored to overcome the global energy crisis [1,2,3]
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that a maximum 67.85% reduced ester was isolated in the case of Levulinic acid (LA) + TMP ester and 62.45% for LA + PE esters
Biomass-derived bio-oil was considered as acid feedstock where levulinic acid was found as a major component
Summary
Cheapest and efficient biomass conversion processes have recently been widely explored to overcome the global energy crisis [1,2,3]. Levulinic acid (LA), having five carbon atoms with a carboxyl and ketone functional group, can be derived from glucose, fructose, starch, and lignocellulosic residues [8,9]. This acid has been recognized by the U.S Department of Energy as a top platform for chemicals, and is regarded as one of the 12 most attractive chemicals derived from wood-based feedstocks [10,11,12]. Levulinic acid can react with polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol (NPG), trimethylolpropane (TMP), and pentaerythritol (PE), in the presence of acid catalysts via esterification reaction to give levulinate polyol esters [13]
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