Abstract
This chapter covers two new EU member states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It describes the socialist era and the transformation after 1989. Concerning changes, main local public utilities were first transferred from national committees to local governments and soon afterwards the process of at least partial asset privatisation and outsourcing began. Water and sewage services are delivered in a non-competitive environment by legal entities with various ownership structures. Energy supply is a regulated service provided by a small number of suppliers using common infrastructure and competing on price. Education and healthcare have been converted into a real public-private civil sector mix of forms of delivery (financing is predominantly public), whilst there has been comparatively little de-institutionalisation and de-nationalisation of care for the elderly.
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