Mixed-mode crack-tip stress fields for orthotropic functionally graded materials

Abstract

Quasi-static mixed mode stress fields for a crack in orthotropic inhomogeneous medium are developed using asymptotic analysis coupled with Westergaard stress function approach. In the problem formulation, the elastic constants E11, E22, G12, ν12 are replaced by an effective stiffness \({E=\sqrt {E_{11} E_{22}}}\), a stiffness ratio \({\delta =\left({{E_{11}}\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{E_{11}} {E_{22}}}}\right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {E_{22}}} \right)}\), an effective Poisson’s ratio \({\nu =\sqrt {\nu_{12}\nu _{21}} }\) and a shear parameter \({k=\left({E \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {E {2G_{12}}}}\right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {2G_{12}}}\right)-\nu }\). An assumption is made to vary the effective stiffness exponentially along one of the principal axes of orthotropy. The mode-mixity due to the crack orientation with respect to the property gradient is accommodated in the analysis through superposition of opening and shear modes. The expansion of stress fields consisting of the first four terms are derived to explicitly bring out the influence of nonhomogeneity on the structure of the mixed-mode stress field equations. Using the derived mixed-mode stress field equations, the isochromatic fringe contours are developed to understand the variation of stress field around the crack tip as a function of both orthotropic stiffness ratio and non-homogeneous coefficient.