Abstract
Oceanic mixed layers develop as the summer sun warms the upper layer of the water column and turbulence from early autumn storms stirs this heat downward, forming a well-mixed layer with constant temperature and salinity. The mixed layer is therefore thinnest in summer, when the surface is warm and the winds are relatively weak, and deepest in late winter. Receptions from moored 250-Hz acoustic sources at ranges of 500 and 1000 km in the North Pacific were recorded on vertical line array receivers from June through November 2004, spanning the early development of the winter mixed layer. The time-evolving character of the acoustic arrival structure throughout this transmission period will be investigated to explore the effect of a changing mixed layer environment on long-range acoustic propagation. Particular consideration will be given to variability in the early branches of the acoustic timefronts, which correspond to steep rays interacting with the upper ocean.
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