Abstract
Within the context of energy transition scenarios towards renewable resources, superstructure optimization is implemented for the synthesis of sustainable and efficient Power-to-Syngas processes. A large number of reactors (i.e. reverse water-gas-shift, steam reforming, dry reforming, tri-reforming, methane partial oxidation reactor, water electrolyzer) and separators (e.g. PSA, TSA, cryogenics, membranes, gas-liquid scrubbing) \textcolor{blue}{are included within a single MILP framework, accounting for typical operating conditions of each process-unit, under the specified simplifying assumptions. Power is minimized in the context of sustainable feedstocks: water and biogas or carbon dioxide from direct air-capture. The objective function adds the thermal to the electrical contribution to the total power, the latter being weighted by a pseudo-price of null -- i.e. sustainable, in-house electricity production -- or unitary value -- i.e. electricity purchased, possibly generated from non-sustainable sources. simultaneous operations of multiple reactor-technologies is allowed to identify possible synergies. With biogas and null value of the pseudo-price, the results identify plant configurations mainly run via electricity, which constitutes up to $97\%$ of the total power for co-operating partial oxidation of methane and water electrolysis. Alternatively, lower total demands are attained at the expenses of thermal duty when electricity is penalized: the endothermic reactors are operated. With carbon dioxide, the total power demand dramatically increases due to the large consumptions of direct-air capture and water electrolysis. The resulting topologies always favor membrane separation, adsorption and cryogenics over absorption technologies.
Highlights
It is generally agreed that immediate large-scale actions are required worldwide to cease further CO2 emissions and to reduce its current concentration in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2013)
This can be achieved by Power-to-X technologies, which are capable of transforming renewable electricity and sustainable feedstock into useful components such as syngas
Candidate process topologies for Power-to-Syngas applications are embedded within a superstructure
Summary
It is generally agreed that immediate large-scale actions are required worldwide to cease further CO2 emissions and to reduce its current concentration in the atmosphere (IPCC, 2013) To achieve this goal, a shift from fossil fuels toward renewable energy carriers is necessary. Intermediates, and raw materials that contribute to high CO2 emissions must be identified alongside suitable technologies for the conversion of CO2 and biological feedstocks into useful chemicals and fuel. This can be achieved by Power-to-X technologies, which are capable of transforming renewable electricity and sustainable feedstock into useful components such as syngas. Due to the fact that syngas can be readily converted into liquid fuels, i.e., via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (Gruber et al, 2019), it plays a crucial role in decarbonizing the transportation system
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