Abstract
Sporadic evidence is available on the association of consuming multiple substances with the risk of hypertension among adults in India where there is a substantial rise in cases. This study assesses the mutually exclusive and mixed consumption patterns of alcohol, tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco use and their association with hypertension among the adult population in India. Nationally representative samples of men and women drawn from the National Family and Health Survey (2015–2016) were analyzed. A clinical blood pressure measurement above 140 mmHg (systolic blood pressure) and 90 mmHg (diastolic blood pressure) was considered in the study as hypertension. Association between mutually exclusive categories of alcohol, tobacco smoking and smokeless tobacco and hypertension were examined using multivariate binary logistic regression models. Daily consumption of alcohol among male smokeless tobacco users had the highest likelihood to be hypertensive (OR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.99–2.71) compared to the no-substance-users. Women who smoked, and those who used any smokeless tobacco with a daily intake of alcohol had 71% (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.14–2.56) and 51% (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.25–1.82) higher probability of being hypertensive compared to the no-substance-users, respectively. In order to curb the burden of hypertension among the population, there is a need for an integrated and more focused intervention addressing the consumption behavior of alcohol and tobacco.
Highlights
IntroductionHypertension or high blood pressure (High BP) has been a growing public health concern in low- and middle-income countries [1]
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Hypertension or high blood pressure (High BP) has been a growing public health concern in low- and middle-income countries [1]
In order to develop an evidence-based and more holistic tobacco and alcohol control program in countries, such as India, there is a need to explore all possible nuances in the pattern of substance use among different population groups
Summary
Hypertension or high blood pressure (High BP) has been a growing public health concern in low- and middle-income countries [1]. A major risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and kidney diseases [2], hypertension has been extensively associated with alcohol and tobacco consumption. Tobacco smoking has been associated with lowered blood pressure among males [3] and high blood pressure among females [4].
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