Mixed convection of ferrohydrodynamics magnetized hybrid ferrofluid on a slip-permeable stretching sheet

Abstract

Mixed convection significantly affects fluid flow and heat transfer in manufacturing and engineering. This study investigates it in a ferrohydrodynamics magnetized hybrid ferrofluid on a slip stretching sheet affected by suction and injection. Using the modified Tiwari and Das model, the behavior of the hybrid ferrofluid, magnetite ferrite ( F e 3 O 4 ) and cobalt ferrite ( CoF e 2 O 4 ) based-water and ethylene glycol are explored. The governing partial differential equations are simplified via a similarity technique and solved using the Keller box method. Forced convection reduces velocity profile and shear stress more rapidly than mixed and natural convection, exhibiting distinct thermal field and Nusselt number patterns. Injection increases shear stress by 71.98%, 83%, and 87.08% under forced, mixed, and natural convection, while suction raises it by 25.96%, 28.50%, and 28.53%, respectively. Under suction, natural convection drop by 5.12% Nusselt number, slightly less than forced (5.36%) and mixed convection (5.15%). Ferrohydrodynamics significantly influences flow and heat transfer.