Mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentation in a mesoproterozoic storm-dominated ramp: Depositional processes and stromatolite development

Abstract

Records of shallow-marine ramps with the mixing of carbonate and siliciclastic sediments are common throughout the geological time. All these records have pure carbonate and pure siliciclastic deposits as end members, occurring contemporaneously in distinct depositional regions along the ramp, and transitional hybrid facies between them. The two end member can mix in different scales and can alternate in time due to climatic changes and regressions and transgressions. This work presents a detailed reconstruction of a Mesoproterozoic storm-dominated mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp composed of hybrid sediments and whithout the presence of pure siliciclastic or carbonate deposits, a rare example in the geological record. Based on a high resolution logged section (in 1:20 scale) and qualitative thin sections, eleven lithofacies were identified and grouped into three lithofacies associations (offshore, offshore transition and shoreface), which are stacked vertically forming a transgressive–regressive cycle. This faciological distribution indicates a low relief ramp with wide microbial colonization from shallow to relatively deep waters (below storm-wave base level). In offshore low-energy distal areas, microbial mats spread laterally over large distances with little or no interference from currents, while in the offshore transition the morphology of the bioherms is shaped by currents induced by waves. In turn, the high wave energy in the shoreface inhibits the formation of stromatolites, restricting their occurrence to thin layers of microbial carpets or intraclastic lags. The mixing occurs in compositional scale and is relatively homogeneous along the whole logged interval, independent of the shifts in lithofacies or lithofacies associations. This compositional homogeneity is linked to the wide distribution and regularity in the input of siliciclastic sediments during the sedimentary accumulation. Strong currents induced by storms allow the transport and mixing of siliciclastic sediments with carbonate grains generated in the basin during fair-weather periods.