Abstract
Stress enhances the disease susceptibility in fish by altering the innate immune responses, which are essential defense mechanisms. The use of probiotics is increasingly popular in the aquaculture industry. Yellow perch is a promising candidate for aquaculture. We investigated the efficiency of a mixed Bacillus species in minimizing the potential problems resulting from husbandry practices such as hypoxia and exposure to air in yellow perch. We showed that hypoxia and air exposure conditions induced a significant reduction in the early innate immune response (lysozyme activity, interferon-induced-GTP-binding protein-Mx1 [mx], interleukin-1β [il1β], serum amyloid-A [saa]), and a substantial increase in cortisol, heat shock protein (Hsp70), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (Sod1) that associated with a decline in insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1). Mixed Bacillus species administration improved the early innate responses, reduced cortisol, Hsp70, Gpx and Sod1, and elevated Igf1 levels. Bacillus species treated group showed faster recovery to reach the baseline levels during 24 h compared to untreated group. Therefore, mixed Bacillus species may enhance yellow perch welfare by improving the stress tolerance and early innate immune response to counterbalance the various husbandry stressors. Further studies are warranted to investigate the correlations between the aquaculture practices and disease resistance in yellow perch.
Highlights
Probiotics can enhance the stress tolerance, immune responses and pathogen antagonism[6,7,8,9]
Yellow perch that subjected to experimental hypoxia and air exposure and received the mixed bacillus species showed a significant increase in plasma lysozyme activity compared to hypoxic and air exposed groups (Fig. 1A,B)
The present study provides an evidence on the beneficial features of water-soluble mixed bacillus species on the physiological and molecular early innate immune and stress responses in yellow perch, which is an important aquaculture species in North America
Summary
Probiotics can enhance the stress tolerance, immune responses and pathogen antagonism[6,7,8,9]. Probiotics can enhance the stress tolerance in fish and other aquatic species by priming fish in advance to counteract environmental and husbandry stressors[11], which sharply impact plasma cortisol levels in fish[12,13]. Stressors enhance the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can endorse physiological dysregulation in fish due to high energy requirement and possible imbalance of the antioxidant defenses[17,18]. We investigated the potential efficiency of commercial water-soluble probiotic product (Fishery PrimeTM, Keeton Industries, USA), which is a mixed bacillus species, in the early innate immune responses and stress tolerance in yellow perch in response to hypoxia and exposure to air stress
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