Mixed-Anion Control of C–H Bond Activation of Methane on the IrO2 Surface

Abstract

In this paper, an orbital correlation diagram is proposed for the purpose of understanding and predicting a surface reaction. To deal with the electronic structure of a surface, one may need to rely on a cluster model or a surface slab model. Band (crystal) orbitals calculated at the Γ point in the reciprocal space for the unit cell of the slab model with periodicity are found helpful for the construction of the correlation diagram. By using the diagram thus established, the C–H bond activation reaction of methane on an IrO2 surface is investigated. The energy level of the dz2 orbital of a coordinatively unsaturated Ir atom in the surface is found to be important for determining the activation barrier of the reaction. The activation energy can be reduced by lowering the energy level of the dz2 orbital. Conversely, a rise in the energy of the dz2 orbital leads to an increase in the activation barrier. To make the dz2 orbital energy change, the concept of mixed-anion compounds is adopted. The replacement of an oxide with a different anion allows one to tune the crystal field splitting of metal oxides. IrO2 doped with F as an axial ligand yields a lower-lying dz2 orbital level, while the orbital goes up in energy when IrO2 is doped with N. This trend is consistent with what is expected from the electronegativity of each dopant. A perfect inverse linear correlation is found between the activation energy of the reaction and the electronegativity. By changing the dopant, one may have control over the reactivity of IrO2.