Abstract
Phallus indusiatus and Phallus echinovolvatus are edible bamboo mushrooms with pharmacological properties. We sequenced, assembled, annotated, and compared the mitogenomes of these species. Both mitogenomes were composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes of 89,139 and 50,098 bp, respectively. Introns were the most important factor in mitogenome size variation within the genus Phallus. Phallus indusiatus, P. echinovolvatus, and Turbinellus floccosus in the subclass Phallomycetidae have conservative gene arrangements. Large-scale gene rearrangements were observed in species representing 42 different genera of Basidiomycetes. A variety of intron position classes were found in the 44 Basidiomycete species analyzed. A novel group II intron from the P. indusiatus mitogenome was compared with other fungus species containing the same intron, and we demonstrated that the insertion sites of the intron had a base preference. Phylogenetic analyses based on combined gene datasets yielded well-supported Bayesian posterior probability (BPP = 1) topologies. This indicated that mitochondrial genes are reliable molecular markers for analyzing the phylogenetic relationships of the Basidiomycetes. This is the first study of the mitogenome of the genus Phallus, and it increases our understanding of the population genetics and evolution of bamboo mushrooms and related species.
Highlights
Mitochondria are organelles in eukaryotes that may have originated from symbiotic bacteria
The mitogenomes of P. indusiatus and P. echinovolvatus were both composed of circular DNA molecules, with sizes of 89,139 and 50,098 bp, respectively (Figure 1)
In addition to the conserved genes, we identified 36 open reading frame (ORF) in the P. indusiatus mitogenome, including 33 located within introns and three intergenic ORFs (Supplementary Table S1)
Summary
Mitochondria are organelles in eukaryotes that may have originated from symbiotic bacteria. Mitochondria contain genetic information that differs from the information in nuclear genomes (Muñoz-Gómez et al, 2017). The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been used in evolution, phylogeny, and population genetic studies because of its advantages of matrilineal inheritance, small size, conserved gene sequences, and a high mutation. Homing endonuclease genes, plasmid-derived genes, genes transferred from the nuclear genome, and some unknown functional genes have been found in the mitogenomes of different species of fungi. The mitochondrial genes, introns, and intergenic regions in fungi lead mitogenome sizes ranging from 18.84 kb (Hanseniaspora uvarum) to 272.24 kb (Morchella importuna) (Liu et al, 2020). Analysis of the composition and variation of the mitogenomes of different species can help reveal their phylogeny and evolutionary relationships
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