Abstract
The present study aimed to discuss the role of mitochondrion in cardiac function and disease. The mitochondrion plays a fundamental role in cellular processes ranging from metabolism to apoptosis. The mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging could potentially illustrate changes in global and regional cardiac dysfunction. The collective changes that occur in mitochondrial-targeted molecular imaging probes have been widely explored and developed. As probes currently used in the preclinical setting still have a lot of shortcomings, the development of myocardial metabolic activity, viability, perfusion, and blood flow molecular imaging probes holds great potential for accurately evaluating the myocardial viability and functional reserve. The advantages of molecular imaging provide a perspective on investigating the mitochondrial function of the myocardium in vivo noninvasively and quantitatively. The molecular imaging tracers of single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography could give more detailed information on myocardial metabolism and restoration. In this study, series mitochondrial-targeted 99mTc-, 123I-, and 18F-labeled tracers displayed broad applications because they could provide a direct link between mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac disease.
Highlights
Therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD) and its related disorders have benefited from the developments in modern technology over the past few decades
Functional molecular imaging, such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), promises to expand the ability to evaluate cardiac diseases compared with the magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and coronary angiography imaging modalities [2]
The results demonstrated that BMIPP molecular imaging correlates well with the activities of 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, reflecting the deterioration of both fatty acid metabolism and citrate cycle [41]
Summary
Therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD) and its related disorders have benefited from the developments in modern technology over the past few decades. The main function of MC-I is to transport NADHreduced nicotinamide adenine along the respiratory electron transport chain, carried by proton transfer [14] In this way, MC-I, MC-III, and MC-IV form a proton electrochemical gradient across the membrane, which is used by MC-V to synthesize ATP [15]. This study intended to highlight the development of several mitochondrial-targeted SPECT and PET molecular imaging probes and to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of molecular imaging for cardiac diseases. These probes would be presented to monitor and evaluate the changes in cardiac metabolic activity, viability, perfusion, and blood flow in preclinical and clinical practices (Table 1)
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