Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeability Change and Hypersensitivity to Digitonin Early in Staurosporine-induced Apoptosis

Abstract

We have shown here that the apoptosis inducer staurosporine causes an early decrease in the endogenous respiration rate in intact 143B.TK(-) cells. On the other hand, the activity of cytochrome c oxidase is unchanged for the first 8 h after staurosporine treatment, as determined by oxygen consumption measurements in intact cells. The decrease in the endogenous respiration rate precedes the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Moreover, we have ruled out caspases, permeability transition, and protein kinase C inhibition as being responsible for the decrease in respiration rate. Furthermore, overexpression of the gene for Bcl-2 does not prevent the decrease in respiration rate. The last finding suggests that Bcl-2 acts downstream of the perturbation in respiration. The evidence of normal enzymatic activities of complex I and complex III in staurosporine-treated 143B.TK(-) osteosarcoma cells indicates that the cause of the respiration decrease is probably an alteration in the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Presumably, the voltage-dependent anion channel closes, thereby preventing ADP and oxidizable substrates from being taken up into mitochondria. This interpretation was confirmed by another surprising finding, namely that, in staurosporine-treated 143B.TK(-) cells permeabilized with digitonin at a concentration not affecting the mitochondrial membranes in naive cells, the outer mitochondrial membrane loses its integrity; this leads to a reversal of its impermeability to exogenous substrates. The loss of outer membrane integrity leads also to a massive premature release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Most significantly, Bcl-2 overexpression prevents the staurosporine-induced hypersensitivity of the outer membrane to digitonin. Our experiments have thus revealed early changes in the outer mitochondrial membrane, which take place long before cytochrome c is released from mitochondria in intact cells.