Abstract
Cancer cells display changes that aid them to escape from cell death, sustain their proliferative powers, and shift their metabolism toward glycolytic energy production. Mitochondria are key organelles in many metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, and the adaptation of mitochondrial function has been recognized as crucial to the changes that occur in cancer cells. This paper zooms in on the pathologic evaluation of mitochondrial markers for diagnosing and staging of human cancer and determining the patients’ prognoses.
Highlights
Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed cell organelles that can be found in all human cells, except for the peripheral red blood cells
Quantified to porin content measured by Western blot, no obvious mitochondrial reduction was seen in renal carcinoma compared to control kidney
Assaying mitochondrial factors has long been recognized as a diagnostic approach for metabolic disorders
Summary
Mitochondria are membrane-enclosed cell organelles that can be found in all human cells, except for the peripheral red blood cells. Acetyl CoA is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which is located in the mitochondrial matrix. Β-oxidation is the process by which fatty acids are broken down to generate acetyl CoA, the latter being the entry molecule for the TCA cycle. The β-oxidation pathway involves 4 enzymes that are present in the mitochondrial matrix and function in a repetitive cycle. Mitochondria were described as free-floating vesicles in the cell [6] They consist of an outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and an inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that contains convolutions termed cristae, forming the compartments of intermembranous space (IMS) and mitochondrial matrix. Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is a cytosolic GTPase that, when recruited to the OMM, oligomerizes forming ring-shaped structures and inducing mitochondrial constriction and subsequent fission. Structural defects in complex V lead to severe morphological alterations to the mitochondria [11], and the oligomeric state of F1F0 ATPsynthase determines cristae morphology [12]
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