Abstract
In recent years, several studies have examined the potential associations between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. In MS, neurological disability results from inflammation, demyelination, and ultimately, axonal damage within the central nervous system. The sustained inflammatory phase of the disease leads to ion channel changes and chronic oxidative stress. Several independent investigations have demonstrated mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in MS, as well as abnormalities in mitochondrial transport. These processes create an energy imbalance and contribute to a parallel process of progressive neurodegeneration and irreversible disability. The potential roles of mitochondria in neurodegeneration are reviewed. An overview of mitochondrial diseases that may overlap with MS are also discussed, as well as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative conditions.
Highlights
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neurologic dysfunction with a progressive course and consequent neuronal death [1]
The findings showed different patterns by mass spectrometry in levels of human cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5bBiology (COX5b), thePEER
There was a two-fold increase in the cytochrome c staining in the white matter, showing mitochondrial changes associated with cases of reduction in myelin [76]
Summary
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neurologic dysfunction with a progressive course and consequent neuronal death [1]. The remaining 10–15% of patients progress continuously from the first clinical manifestation of symptoms [4]; this is called the primary progressive form of multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and presents later in life, with a mean age of 45 years. The incidence of this form of the disease is approximately equivalent for men and women [6]. MS is characterized by two phases: At the initiation of a new lesion, there is a predominance of acute inflammation; subsequently, a state of chronic inflammation ensues with neurodegeneration During the former, there is penetration of the blood brain barrier by activated immune cells against the myelin sheath. We review the multifaceted role of mitochondria in MS pathology and the unique genetic factors that may contribute to the disease
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