Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion, control the morphology and function of mitochondria, and disruption of mitochondrial dynamics leads to Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, metabolic diseases, and cancers. Currently, many types of commercial mitochondria probes are available, but high excitation energy and low photo-stability render them unsuitable for tracking mitochondrial dynamics in living cells. Therefore, mitochondrial targeting agents that exhibit superior anti-photo-bleaching ability, deep tissue penetration and intrinsically high three-dimensional resolutions are urgently needed. Two-photon-excited compounds that use low-energy near-infrared excitation lasers have emerged as non-invasive tools for cell imaging. In this work, terpyridyl cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes (Ir1-Ir3) are demonstrated as one- and two-photon phosphorescent probes for real-time imaging and tracking of mitochondrial morphology changes in living cells.
Highlights
Mitochondria are a type of organelle found in large numbers that function as the central hub of catabolic and anabolic metabolism within eukaryotic cells
We report the use of Ir1-Ir3 as one- and two-photon agents to track mitophagy in living cells and study the substituent influences of 4′ -p-tolyl-2,2′ :6,2′′ -terpyridine on phosphorescent properties, cell uptake efficiency, and mitochondria imaging ability
The Cl ligand was coordinated so tightly to the Ir metal center that no apparent hydrolysis of Cl could be observed within 24 h, which matches previous reports[32]
Summary
Mitochondria are a type of organelle found in large numbers that function as the central hub of catabolic and anabolic metabolism within eukaryotic cells. Due to the accompanying concentration quenching effect, diluted solutions should be used (50–200 nM) during the cell imaging process, which results in low photostability At high concentrations, these dyes tend to aggregate (quenching fluorescence) and stain other organelles[15]. A probe for real-time dynamic tracking of mitophagy in vivo requires more stringent properties, such as good biocompatibility, high mitochondria-targeting efficiency, superior photostability, deep tissue penetration and intrinsically high three-dimensional resolution. We report the use of Ir1-Ir3 as one- and two-photon agents to track mitophagy in living cells and study the substituent influences of 4′ -p-tolyl-2,2′ :6,2′′ -terpyridine (ttpy) on phosphorescent properties, cell uptake efficiency, and mitochondria imaging ability
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