Mitochondrial DNA instability in malignant melanoma of the skin is mostly restricted to nodular and metastatic stages

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is thought to be a major contributor to the development of sporadic malignant melanoma of the skin. It may induce alterations in genomic or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), especially C to T or CC to TT changes. Mutations or other alterations in mtDNA have been reported in a variety of human cancers and may be due to different mechanisms. In this study, we have attempted to elucidate whether aberrations in the mtDNA of melanoma are due to UV radiation or other factors by investigating two parts of the mitochondrial D-loop and two mitochondrial genes, as well as looking for the delta4977 mtDNA deletion and mtDNA duplications, in 61 primary malignant melanomas and neighbouring normal skin tissue (in 70% of primary tumours; otherwise, corresponding blood samples). Point mutations were a rare feature, occurring in only seven tumour samples and never as a C to T change, whereas mtDNA instability in the D-loop (mtMSI) was found in 13% of primary nodular tumours and 20% of metastases. A de novo delta4977 mtDNA deletion was demonstrated in 10% of melanomas; in 20% of patients, mtDNA duplications and/or the delta4977 mtDNA deletion was detectable. Our data indicate that mtDNA alterations in malignant melanoma are not induced by UV radiation. In addition, point mutations and mtMSI were mostly a feature of nodular and metastatic melanoma samples.