Abstract
The changes of mitochondrial function are closely related to diabetes and its complications. Here we describe the effects of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), short peptides formed by transcription and translation of the open reading frame site in human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), on diabetes and its complications. We mainly focus on MDPs that have been discovered so far, such as Humanin (HN), mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) and Small humanin-like peptides (SHLP 1-6), and elucidated the role of MDPs in diabetes and its major complications stroke and myocardial infarction by improving insulin resistance, inhibiting inflammatory response and anti-apoptosis. It provides more possibilities for the clinical application of mitochondrial derived peptides.
Highlights
Mitochondria, as the integration center of key signals regulating bioenergy metabolism and regulating the initiation and execution of oxidative balance protein apoptosis, can sense cellular stress and help cells adapt to the challenges of microenvironment [1, 2]
The current study has found that HN, as a retroactive signal peptide molecule produced by mitochondria, has certain anti-inflammatory [29], and anti-apoptotic [30, 31], effects, promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis, enhances signal molecules in insulin-mediated Akt signaling pathway and fatty acid metabolism signaling pathway, and regulates metabolism related to aging (Figure 1)
Changes in mitochondrial function will affect the process of diabetes and its complications in the heart and brain tissues [62]
Summary
Mitochondria, as the integration center of key signals regulating bioenergy metabolism and regulating the initiation and execution of oxidative balance protein apoptosis, can sense cellular stress and help cells adapt to the challenges of microenvironment [1, 2]. Mitochondria are important organelles involved in glucose metabolism and the main source of ROS in cells, and their functional changes are closely related to blood glucose level, which can cause oxidative stress when hyperglycemia occurs due to excessive production of peroxide in mitochondrial electron transport chain [3]. Hyperglycemia can cause increased generation of mitochondrial ROS [12], and affect diabetic complications such as ischemic stroke [8] myocardial infarction. Stroke Myocardial Infarction Diabetes by affecting glucose metabolism, current studies have found that open reading frame sites contained in human mitochondrial rRNA can encode and form polypeptides called mitochondrialderived peptides (MDPs). We mainly discuss MDPs and the correlation of diabetes, we found a retrospect of the polypeptide function and their relationship with diabetes mellitus and related complications, especially the two more studied HN and MOTS-c
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