Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) exposure remains the leading environmental risk factor for disease globally. Interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of PM are required, since there is no discernible threshold for its effects, and exposure reduction approaches are limited. The mitigation of PM (specifically diesel exhaust particles (DEP))-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) after 24 and 48 h of exposure by pre-treatment with individual pure, combined pure, and an oil formulation of two fish oil omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were all tested at an equivalent concentration of 100 µM in vitro in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The PUFAs and fish oil formulation completely mitigated or diminished the DEP-induced release of IL-6, IL-8, and ET-1 by 14–78%. DHA was more effective in reducing the levels of the DEP-induced release of the cytokines, especially IL-6 after 48 h of DEP exposure in comparison to EPA (p < 0.05), whereas EPA seemed to be more potent in reducing ET-1 levels. The potential of fish ω-3 PUFAs to mitigate PM-induced inflammation and vasoactivity was demonstrated by this study.
Highlights
Exposure to particulate matter-related air pollution is the leading environmental risk factor for disease, which accounted for an estimated 6.8 million deaths and 7.4% of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally in 2010 [1]
The fatty acid oil formulation was composed of fish oil with a 4:6 ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
The approximately three-fold after h of exposure to and approximately ten-fold after4848h hofof approximately three-fold after 24 h of exposure to dieselexhaust exhaust particles (DEP) and approximately ten-fold after exposure
Summary
Exposure to particulate matter-related air pollution is the leading environmental risk factor for disease, which accounted for an estimated 6.8 million deaths and 7.4% of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally in 2010 [1]. Ambient PM2.5 (particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 μm) was ranked the fifth and sixth risk factor overall for global mortality and DALYs respectively in 2015 [2]. Inhaled PM2.5 causes local effects in the respiratory airways [3], and it is capable of inducing systemic effects, apparently due to its ability to translocate into circulation beyond the lungs because of its small size [4]. Exposures to PM2.5 in ambient and household air have been associated with mortality and morbidity, mainly due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Public Health 2018, 15, 2293; doi:10.3390/ijerph15102293 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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