Abstract
Gastritis is a common disease worldwide that is caused by various causes such as eating habits, smoking, severe stress, and heavy drinking, as well as Helicobacter pylori infections and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Cinnamomum cassia is a tropical aromatic evergreen tree commonly used as a natural medicine in Asia and as a functional food ingredient. Studies have reported this species’ anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and cardiovascular disease suppression effects. We evaluated the potential effects of C. cassia using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ethanol (EtOH), and ethanol/hydrochloric acid (HCl)-induced gastric mucosal injury models. C. cassia extracts reduced the area of gastric mucosa injury caused by indomethacin, NSAID, EtOH, and EtOH/HCl. We also applied a network pharmacology-based approach to identify the active compounds, potential targets, and pharmacological mechanisms of C. cassia against gastritis. Through a network pharmacology analysis, 10 key components were predicted as anti-gastritis effect-related compounds of C. cassia among 51 expected active compounds. The NF-κB signaling pathway, a widely known inflammatory response mechanism, comprised a major signaling pathway within the network pharmacology analysis. These results suggest that the anti-gastritis activities of C. cassia may be induced via the anti-inflammatory effects of key components, which suppress the inflammation-related genes and signaling pathways identified in this study.
Highlights
IntroductionA gastrointestinal mucosal injury is caused by environmental factors such as eating habits, smoking, severe stress, and heavy drinking, as well as Helicobacter pylori infections and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, including indomethacin and aspirin) [1,2]
Gastritis is a common disease that affects many people every year worldwide
According to the analysis of the Compounds–Key Targets–Pathway (C-T-P) network, 10 compounds were selected as key components on the basis of their degree values
Summary
A gastrointestinal mucosal injury is caused by environmental factors such as eating habits, smoking, severe stress, and heavy drinking, as well as Helicobacter pylori infections and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, including indomethacin and aspirin) [1,2]. This inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal mucosa is called gastritis, and damage to the mucous membrane progresses and can develop into chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers, which become the cause of gastric cancer [3]. Most gastritis and gastric ulcer treatments use histamine 2-receptor agonist (H2RA)-type drugs such as ranitidine and cimetidine, as well as proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-type drugs such as pantoprazole and lansoprazole [7,8]
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