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Abstract
Garlic is an important vegetable in terms of its economic value and also as a medicinal plant. In this study, chitosan (300 mM) and yeast extract (8 g/L) were used individually or in combination to improve the yields of garlic plants under drought conditions (i.e., 75% and 50% of the water they would normally receive from irrigation) for two seasons. Significant decreases in numbers of leaves per plant and plant height, plant dry weight, relative water content, and chlorophyll a and b concentrations were found in stressed garlic plants in both seasons. The greatest reductions in these characters were recorded in plants that received only 50% of the normal irrigation in both seasons. Levels of hydrogen peroxide, products of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde, and superoxide, as well as percentages of electrolyte leakage, were elevated considerably and were signals of oxidative damage. The application of the yeast extract (8 g/L) or chitosan (300 mM) individually or in combination led to a remarkable increase in the most studied characters of the stressed garlic plants. The combination of yeast extract (8 g/L) plus chitosan (300 mM) led to increase plant height (44%), ascorbic acid levels (30.2%), and relative water content (36.8%), as well as the chlorophyll a (50.7%) and b concentrations (79%), regulated the proline content and levels of antioxidant enzymes in stressed garlic plants that received 75% of the normal irrigation, and this decreased the signs of oxidative stress (i.e., percentage of electrolyte leakage and levels of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide).
Highlights
Drought stress significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the number of leaves per plant, plant height, and plant dry weight of the garlic plants compared with the control plants that received normal irrigation during both seasons (Figure 1)
The application of yeast extract or chitosan individually or in combination caused a remarkable increase in the dry weight and height of plants and in the number of leaves per plant of stressed garlic plants that received 75% or 50% of the normal irrigation compared with stressed untreated garlic plants
The number of leaves per plant, plant height, and plant dry weight of garlic plants were greatly augmented by the application of yeast extract plus chitosan under drought conditions
Summary
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Egypt, where the annual production during the 2018 season was 286,213 tons obtained from 315.85 ha [1]. Garlic is the second most important species of the Allium genus and has several constituents including phenolic compounds, saponins, organosulfur compounds, and polysaccharides [2]. Garlic bulbs contain numerous bioactive compounds, such as alliin, allicin, diallyl disulfide, and S-allylcysteine [3]. Shang et al [3] found that these valuable bioactive compounds are very important and play significant roles as antioxidant, antimicrobial, Horticulturae 2021, 7, 510.
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