Abstract
The WeCare project (Utilizing Weather information for Climate efficient and eco efficient future aviation), an internal project of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR), aimed at finding solutions for reducing the climate impact of aviation based on an improved understanding of the atmospheric impact from aviation by making use of measurements and modeling approaches. WeCare made some important contributions to advance the scientific understanding in the area of atmospheric and air transportation research. We characterize contrail properties, show that the aircraft type significantly influences these properties, and how contrail-cirrus interacts with natural cirrus. Aviation NOx emissions lead to ozone formation and we show that the strength of the ozone enhancement varies, depending on where within a weather pattern NOx is emitted. These results, in combination with results on the effects of aerosol emissions on low cloud properties, give a revised view on the total radiative forcing of aviation. The assessment of a fleet of strut-braced wing aircraft with an open rotor is investigated and reveals the potential to significantly reduce the climate impact. Intermediate stop operations have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption. However, we find that, if only optimized for fuel use, they will have an increased climate impact, since non-CO2 effects compensate the reduced warming from CO2 savings. Avoiding climate sensitive regions has a large potential in reducing climate impact at relatively low costs. Taking advantage of a full 3D optimization has a much better eco-efficiency than lateral re-routings, only. The implementation of such operational measures requires many more considerations. Non-CO2 aviation effects are not considered in international agreements. We showed that climate-optimal routing could be achieved, if market-based measures were in place, which include these non-CO2 effects. An alternative measure to foster climate-optimal routing is the closing of air spaces, which are very climate-sensitive. Although less effective than an unconstrained optimization with respect to climate, it still has a significant potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation. By combining atmospheric and air transportation research, we assess climate mitigation measures, aiming at providing information to aviation stakeholders and policy-makers to make aviation more climate compatible.
Highlights
Aviation provides mobility and gives us the possibility to travel long distances in relatively short time
We showed that climate-optimal routing could be achieved, if market-based measures were in place, which include these non-CO2 effects
We showed that the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on ozone varies depending on where within a weather pattern it is emitted, because this controls the transport pathway
Summary
Aviation provides mobility and gives us the possibility to travel long distances in relatively short time. Aircraft emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), water vapor (H2O) and aerosols lead to concentration changes of atmospheric constituents as well as changes in the cloudiness [1,2,3,4]. A different approach is to generally change operations independent of the actual weather situation as it is done, e.g., by [27], who analyzed the climate impact and cash operating costs for different flight altitudes and Mach numbers for more than 1000 routes and suggested a generally lower flight altitude and lower flight speed This operational mitigation option can be combined with a redesign of the aircraft, as the original aircraft would be operated in off-design conditions. Results: ‐ Contrail properties and interaction with clouds (3.1) ‐ Ozone formation (3.2) ‐ Aerosol effects (3.3) ‐ Climate metrics (3.4)
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