Mitigating neglected zoonotic infections: A One Health approach on avian influenza in humans and animals

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses pose a great challenge to both animal and human health. This viral disease, mainly affecting chickens and birds, poses a substantial zoonotic threat, particularly with the highly pathogenic avian influenza strain. The avian population is a key vector for viral transmission and fosters genetic changes and reassortment events that amplify the infectivity besides broadening the spectrum of host species. Infected animals shed viral particles into the environment, contributing to the widespread dissemination of the viral disease and perpetuating the persistence of viral strains. Given these factors, it is imperative to strengthen monitoring and prevention measures to curb the spread of the virus. Implementing vaccination and testing programs within the animal population, along with stringent biosecurity measures in agricultural environments, including adequate hygiene practices, controlled access to farms, and the separation of different animal species, could effectively mitigate the prevalence of circulating viruses. The measures not only reduce the risk of environmental spread but also mitigate the risk of viral transmission to humans through the One Health approach.