Abstract
The high penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs) will have impacts on the operation of power system in the near future. One of the most significant impacts is the extreme load valley caused by “consistency” in off-grid actions of EVs automatically finishing their charging, which normally occurs at night. The dramatic load reduction at limited period not only leads to security problem of power system due to the deficiency of downward reserve in generation side, but also forces the thermal units to operate in the extremely uneconomical deep peak regulation (DPR) state. To address this issue, a coordinated optimization strategy considering nighttime DPR state of units and uncertain EV demand response (DR) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, unlike traditional studies, a detailed unit commitment (UC) model considering life loss and oil cost is established in this paper. After that, on the basis of elastic pricing method and day-ahead contract, price-based demand response (PDR) and incentive-based demand response (IDR) model are proposed to avoid units operating in the DPR state. The uncertainty of both IDR and PDR progress are considered as a whole in the form of opportunity constrain, and then transformed into deterministic linear constraints for solving by adopting sequence operations. Finally, various cases are simulated in the improved IEEE 30-bus system, the results indicate that the presented coordinated optimization strategy can reduce the units' operating cost effectively, as well as bring benefits to EV owners.
Highlights
The widely adopting of electric vehicles (EV) in major economies all over the world is expected to give their significant contribution in reducing pollutant emission and dependency on fossil fuels [1]
Many studies have been conducted in shaving the peak load with methods like involving vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems [8], energy storage system (ESS) [9] and renewable energies [10]
Attentions are merely focused on shaving charging load during peak hours, which will definitely decrease EV drivers’ charging experience [9]
Summary
The widely adopting of electric vehicles (EV) in major economies all over the world is expected to give their significant contribution in reducing pollutant emission and dependency on fossil fuels [1]. To the best of our knowledge, little works have been done on quantitatively analyzing the influence of consistency in the EV off-grid behavior to the power system and minimizing the overall operating costs of units at load valley period through response resources optimization of EV. UC models are optimized for economic benefits with renewable energy like wind and hydro [14], [15], where the oil cost and life cost are ignored for simplify These costs are indispensable when considering the DPR cost of units. In [19], the system reserve electricity of UC model is determined with the consideration of uncertain IDR participation behavior using chance constrain programming These studies did not consider the uncertainty of two kinds of DR as a whole, which may increase the response costs for ensuring system reliability.
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