Abstract
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative (PPMI) encourages the pharmacy profession to maximize the use of pharmacy technicians, advance the application of information technology in the medication use process, and optimize pharmacy practice models.1 Although the pharmacy profession has made significant progress over the past 5 decades, it is almost impossible to achieve these high clinical standards without ensuring accurate and timely delivery of medications. Hospital pharmacy missing doses have been greatly reduced over the past 15 years due to automated dispensing machines (ADMs), lean workflow, improved delivery techniques, and healthier nurse- pharmacy communication; however, issues related to efficiency, financial wastes, and safety issues remain alarming.2–6 Missing doses are defined as patient-specific orders a nurse is unable to locate at or near the time of administration. These missing orders may result from improper delivery, nonstandard administration times, diversion, insufficient or incorrect medications dispensed by the pharmacy, incorrect administration, or lack of storage and handling knowledge.7,8
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