Misreported non-aqueous reference potentials: The battery research endemic

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Beth E. Murdock is a PhD student working across the Chemistry Department and Materials Science Institute at Lancaster University, under the supervision of Dr. Nuria Tapia-Ruiz and Dr. Kathryn Toghill. Her current research is focused on understanding the structure-property relationships in high-voltage substituted spinel cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries using X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques. Craig G. Armstrong joined Lancaster University in 2011 as an undergraduate student in natural sciences and later graduated in 2015 with a first-class MS degree with chemistry and physics study themes. He then began a PhD in chemistry at LU with Dr. Kathryn Toghill as her first doctoral student. In 2019 he was awarded his doctorate in electrochemistry regarding non-aqueous redox flow batteries with five original research articles. He then continued research with Dr. Kathryn Toghill as a postdoctoral researcher in carbon dioxide reduction, and after a decade at LU, he is now a postdoc at Swansea University. Daniel E. Smith is a recent PhD graduate from the University of Nottingham's School of Chemistry under the supervision of Dr. Darren A. Walsh. His PhD research concerned electrocatalytic reactions in ionic liquid electrolytes: specifically, the oxygen-reduction, hydrogen-oxidation, and formic acid-oxidation reactions. Published work contains fundamental insights into proton shuttling in protic ionic liquid electrolyte-based fuel cells. Daniel joins the group of Dr. Kathryn Toghill studying the electro-reduction of carbon dioxide on a European Research Council grant. In 2021, Daniel was awarded the Sir Fraser and Norma Stoddart Prize for Outstanding Citizenship and Academic Excellence in Postgraduate Research from the University of Nottingham School of Chemistry. Nuria Tapia-Ruiz obtained her PhD from the University of Glasgow in 2013. She then worked as a research fellow in the team of Prof. Bruce at the University of St. Andrews and the University of Oxford from 2013 to 2016. Currently, she is a senior lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at Lancaster University. Her research interests include the understanding of the structure-property-performance relationships in materials for energy storage such as monovalent and multivalent batteries and supercapacitors. Kathryn E. Toghill joined Lancaster University, UK in 2014. Prior to this, she worked at EPFL in Switzerland following a PhD and a postdoctoral position at Oxford University. As a senior lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, Kathryn teaches on electrochemistry and electrochemical energy storage. Her research interests include electrochemical energy storage, electrochemical CO₂ reduction, catalysis, and electroanalysis, spanning fundamental understanding to applied systems with a focus on sustainability.