Abstract
Miscellaneous hormones, such as oral contraceptives (OCs) and tibolone, have not been evaluated as extensively as other hormonal therapies, but remain an option for the prevention and management of osteoporosis. OCs have been conside red for osteoporosis treatment since the 1970s and have demonstrated significant bone mineral density (BMD) increases with high doses that contained 50 μg of ethinyl estradiol. As OCs have evolved with lower doses of ethinyl estradiol (25–40 μg), the literature continues to report improved or maintained BMD in older women. Data are more controversial about OC fracture prevention abilities, the most clinically important end point in osteoporosis trials.
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