Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, noncoding, single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to mRNAs. miRNAs affect the course of processes of fundamental importance for the proper functioning of the organism. These processes include cell division, proliferation, differentiation, cell apoptosis and the formation of blood vessels. Altered expression of individual miRNAs has been shown in numerous cancers, which may indicate the oncogenic or suppressor potential of the molecules in question. This paper discusses the current knowledge about the possibility of using miRNA as a diagnostic marker and a potential target in modern anticancer therapies.
Highlights
Cancer is an important problem in this day and age
The first circulating miRNAs were detected in the circulatory system of people with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. miR-21, miR-10 and miR-155 can be reliably determined in blood serum and allow for the differentiation between sick and healthy people, and because they show high stability, they can be used in clinical diagnostics [105]
Monitoring the changes in the expression profiles of chosen miRNAs could help in early identification of cancer cells and serve as a prediction factor of the disease or treatment
Summary
Cancer is an important problem in this day and age. Scientists are constantly searching for new factors responsible for the process of carcinogenesis. An important role in the regulation of the expression of suppressor miRNAs in cancer cells is played by the process of DNA methylation [96], e.g., hypermethylation of miRNA promoters (let-7, miR-34, miR-342, miR345, miR-9, miR-129, miR-137) leads to a reduction in their expression and the development of colorectal cancer. Singh and Mo presented miRNA families in their review article, which play an important role in the course of the discussed malignant tumor They focused on the miR-10 family, in which miR-10a and miR-10b are involved in the development and metastasis of breast cancer [100]. An example is “oncomiR-1” or a cluster of pression of miR-143 in colorectal cancer cells results in increased activity of methylsix miRNAs (miR-17-92; miR-17, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-20, miR-19b and miR-92), which transferase 3A DNA (DNMT3A) and increased proliferation of cancer cells [97] It is inhibits the expression of the Rbl suppressor [93]. AIB1 (miR-17-5p), E2F1 (miR-17-5p, miR-20a), TGFBR2 (miR-20a), Tsp and CTGF miR-106a colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer
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