Abstract
Obesity and overweight are common modern health challenges. Caloric intake greater than that needed for energy production results in excess storage of fat in the abdomen. Visceral fat secretes a wide spectrum of adipokines, and increased adiposity is associated with a higher risk of development of metabolic disorders. In addition, adipose tissue secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to communicate with peripheral cells and distant organs, and regulate whole-body metabolism. Furthermore, clinical evidence has shown that adipose tissue-derived EVs are present at low levels in the circulation of healthy individuals. In contrast, individuals with metabolic syndrome have significantly higher levels of circulating adipose-derived EVs. The composition of the contents of EVs is dynamic, and closely mirrors individual daily habits and fasting-fed state metabolic characteristics. In this mini-review, we aimed to elucidate the role of adipocyte-derived EVs in regulation of whole-body metabolism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Studies have shown that adipose tissue may be a major source of circulating exosomal miRNAs that regulate metabolic homeostasis and directly promote insulin-resistance in other organs. Furthermore, the composition of adipocyte-derived circulating miRNAs in EVs may change prior to development of metabolic disorder. Adipocyte-derived miRNAs in EVs may also induce obesity-related changes such as M1 polarization and inhibition of M2 polarization of macrophages, which may affect the biological behaviors of surrounding tumor cells.
Highlights
Obesity and overweight are serious public health concerns linked to complications such as cardiovascular disease (Dwivedi et al, 2020), type 2 diabetes (Zhang T. et al, 2019), hypertension (Nguyen et al, 2008), and many types of cancers (Renehan et al, 2008)
This review focuses on the diverse roles of miRNAs packaged within adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the development of obesity-related disease
Perilipin A is enriched in adipose tissue (Greenberg et al, 1991) and steatotic hepatocytes (Straub et al, 2008) and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGPR1) is enriched in hepatocytes (Matsuura et al, 1982), which suggests that the levels of adipocyte- and hepatocyte-derived EVs may be increased in individuals experiencing metabolic stress
Summary
Visceral fat secretes a wide spectrum of adipokines, and increased adiposity is associated with a higher risk of development of metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to communicate with peripheral cells and distant organs, and regulate whole-body metabolism. Individuals with metabolic syndrome have significantly higher levels of circulating adipose-derived EVs. The composition of the contents of EVs is dynamic, and closely mirrors individual daily habits and fastingfed state metabolic characteristics. The composition of the contents of EVs is dynamic, and closely mirrors individual daily habits and fastingfed state metabolic characteristics In this mini-review, we aimed to elucidate the role of adipocyte-derived EVs in regulation of whole-body metabolism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The composition of adipocyte-derived circulating miRNAs in EVs may change prior to development of metabolic disorder.
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