Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most malignant cancers around the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is the leading cause of lung cancer deaths and treatment failure. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), two groups of small non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs), are confirmed to be lung cancer oncogenes or suppressors. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) critically regulates lung cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize the dual roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, stemness, and metastasis. In addition, lncRNAs, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can act as miRNA sponges to suppress miRNAs, thereby mediating TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer invasion, migration, and metastasis. Through this review, we hope to cast light on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs and lncRNAs in TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer metastasis and provide new insights for lung cancer treatment.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the most common cancer based on current diagnoses and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally [1]
MiRNAs and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are widely used to explore lung cancer’s metastatic mechanisms, and these two non-coding RNA (nc-RNA) are increasingly used as biomarkers to predict the outcomes of lung cancer patients
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is involved in many cancers, and TGF-β signaling pathways have been extensively confirmed to play pivotal roles in lung cancer metastasis
Summary
Lung cancer is the most common cancer based on current diagnoses and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally [1]. They can regulate various cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [13,14] These two RNAs have been found to play anti-carcinogenic or oncogenic roles in lung cancer progression, and their aberrant expressions can give rise to the malignant developments of lung cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis [15]. TGF-β, a multifunctional cytokine, has three isoforms, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 [21] It can usually potentiate migration, invasion, and metastasis in lung cancer [22]. We summarize the positive and negative roles of lncRNAs and miRNAs in TGF-β signaling-regulated lung cancer metastasis, hoping to provide new insights for the design of more efficient therapies for lung cancer treatment in the future
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
