Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most encountered cancer diseases in men worldwide and in consequence it requires the improvement of therapeutic strategies. For the clinical diagnosis, the standard approach is represented by solid biopsy. From a surgical point of view, this technique represents an invasive procedure that may imply several postoperative complications. To overcome these impediments, many trends are focusing on developing liquid biopsy assays and on implementing them in clinical practice. Liquid samples (blood, urine) are rich in analytes, especially in transcriptomic information provided by genetic markers. Additionally, molecular characterization regarding microRNAs content reveals outstanding prospects in understanding cancer progression mechanisms. Moreover, these analytes have great potential for prostate cancer early detection, more accurate prostate cancer staging and also for decision making respecting therapy schemes. However, there are still questionable topics and more research is needed to standardize liquid biopsy-based techniques.
Highlights
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid malignancy expanded among men worldwide and it can vary from indolent to very aggressive forms
The American Urological Association (AUA) and European Association of Urology (EAU) offer guidelines for detecting prostate cancer and the detecting process starts from digital rectal examination (DRE) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values, which lead to prostate biopsy
We outlined the compelling research suggesting that circulating miRNAs may serve as prognostic biomarkers in PCa that come as a completion of the actual tools of diagnosis
Summary
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid malignancy expanded among men worldwide and it can vary from indolent to very aggressive forms. More than 80% of men with aggressive prostate cancer will develop bone complications, which means a serious decrease in quality of life and survival At this moment, the diagnostic tools for prostate cancer are digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, prostate biopsy-Gleason score and prostate magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) [1]. There is an increasing focus on developing different assays that can evaluate distinct components of body fluids in order to asses more information to complete the whole picture of disease achieved using traditional methods In this regard, from a molecular point of view, cancer circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, cell-free DNA, circulating RNA and microRNAs can be representative biomarkers in PCa diagnosis and prognosis [5]. They could lower the unnecessary biopsies, and distinguish indolent cancers from the need to treat cancers [6]
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