Abstract
BackgroundMechanisms underlying the pathology of diabetic retinopathy are still not completely understood. Increased understanding of potential cellular pathways responsive to hyperglycemia is essential to develop novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic retinopathy. Emerging evidence shows the impact of microRNA (miR) as a potential novel therapeutic target. The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that miR-15b and miR-16 are altered by hyperglycemia in retinal endothelial cells (REC), and that miR-15b/16 play key roles in regulating insulin signaling through a reduction in TNFα- and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)-mediated insulin resistance pathways.MethodsHuman REC were maintained in normal (5 mM) glucose or transferred to high-glucose medium (25 mM) for 3 days. REC were transfected with miRNA mimics (hsa-miR-15b-5p and hsa-miR-16-5p) 48 h before cell harvest. A final concentration of 30 nM was used when transfected separately (miR-15b and miR-16) and 15 nM was used in combination (miR-15b + miR-16). A negative control group was treated with an equal concentration of a mimic negative control. The levels of miRNA overexpression were verified using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR. Western blot analyses were performed to study the levels of phosphorylated Akt (Serine 473), Akt, SOCS3, insulin receptor, phosphorylated insulin receptor (tyrosine 1150/1151), and insulin receptor phosphorylated on Tyr960. In addition, ELISA was used to examine cleaved caspase 3 and TNFα. Analyses were done using unpaired Student t test. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M.ResultsWe demonstrated that the expression of miR-15b and miR-16 was reduced in human REC cultured in hyperglycemia. Overexpression of miR-15b and/or miR-16 reduced TNFα and SOCS3 levels, while increasing insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels and the phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR)Tyr1150/1151 in REC cultured in hyperglycemia. These, in turn, led to an increase of Akt phosphorylation and decreased cleavage of caspase 3.ConclusionsmiR-15b and miR-16 play a role in the inhibition of insulin resistance via reduced TNFα and SOCS3 signaling and increased IGFBP-3 levels, resulting in REC protection from hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis. This outcome suggests that both miR-15b and miR-16 are potential therapeutic targets for therapeutics for the diabetic retina.
Highlights
Mechanisms underlying the pathology of diabetic retinopathy are still not completely understood
The levels of miR-15b and miR-16 expression are reduced in retinal endothelial cells (REC) cultured in high-glucose conditions We examined changes in miR-15b and miR-16 expression in REC after exposure to hyperglycemia
We found that high glucose reduced the levels of miR-15b and miR-16, as compared to a normal glucose group (Figure 1A)
Summary
Mechanisms underlying the pathology of diabetic retinopathy are still not completely understood. It has been reported that almost all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and more than 60% of people with T2DM have retinopathy after 20 years of diabetes [3]. Much work has been completed on potential causes for diabetes-induced retinal damage, the mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy are still not completely understood. Increased understanding of the pathological pathways associated with high glucose is critical, as few therapeutics exist for diabetic retinopathy until late in the disease progression where laser photocoagulation can be used in some patients. Increased understanding of potential cellular pathways responsive to hyperglycemia is essential to develop novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic retinopathy
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