Minute-Scale Evolution of Free-Volume Holes in Polyethylenes during the Continuous Stretching Process Observed by In Situ Positron Annihilation Lifetime Experiments

Abstract

Using the newly developed positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) facility with a high count rate up to 3000 cps, in situ PALS experiments were performed for the first time on the continuous stretching process of polymers to quantitatively analyze the minute-scale evolution of free-volume holes. According to the stress–strain relationship and PALS results of four types of polyethylenes with different crystallinities, the tensile process could be divided into four distinct stages: elastic, initial nonlinear (until yield point), postyield, and strain hardening stages. The increase of o-Ps (orthopositronium) lifetime in the first three stages exhibits an enlargement of free-volume hole size with increasing strain. The decrease of the o-Ps lifetime in the last stage is most probably due to the increasing anisotropy of free-volume holes. The relative fractional free volume FFVr (derived from hole radius R (calculated from the Tao–Eldrup model) and o-Ps intensity) generally increases in the first two stages but remains nearly unchanged in the other two stages. This work demonstrates a new feasibility to disclose minute-scale evolution of microstructure of materials through in situ PALS experiments in the future.