Abstract
To evaluate the potential for minimizing the formation of the disinfection byproduct N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by controlling the conditions under which chlorine is added, a pilot-scale study was conducted under conditions that simulated a microfiltration system at an advanced wastewater treatment facility. NDMA formation was detected consistently during direct addition of sodium hypochlorite to the ammonia-containing wastewater and when chloramines were formed in a dosing tank by the addition of hypochlorite after ammonium chloride in tap water preadjusted to pH 7.0. No NDMA formation was observed when chloramines formed at higher pH or by addition of ammonium chloride prior to sodium hypochlorite. The conditions under which NDMA was formed were accompanied by breakpoint chlorination and enhanced formation of dichloramine in the dosing tank. The formation of NDMA appears to be related to the enhanced reactivity of dichloramine with NDMA precursors. Although direct addition of sodium hypochlorite to a...
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