Abstract
This paper proposes a minimally invasive current-controlled electric stimulation system based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-modified electrode to characterize the dynamics of the membrane potential in Bacillus subtilis. A highly capacitive PEDOT-modified electrode enabled the injection of a large ionic charge to the surface of the cells suppressing cytotoxic pH change in the vicinity of the electrode. The current pulse induced a hyperpolarization response in B. subtilis around the electrode. Using quantitative charge injection through current-controlled electrical stimulation, the threshold charge density to excite B. subtilis was roughly estimated to be 530.8 µC cm−2 (of electrode surface area) for the first time. Our results provide the minimum electrical stimulation conditions necessary to minimal invasively control the bacterial membrane potential.
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