Minimal debridement or simple wound closure as the only surgical treatment in war victims with low-velocity penetrating head injuries: Indications and management protocol based upon more than 8 years follow-up of 99 cases from Iran-Iraq conflict

Abstract

Background During military conflicts, surviving victims traditionally underwent large enough craniectomy or craniotomy to achieve extensive debridement of the in-driven bone, shell fragments, and debris. Meanwhile, the completely as well as the partially devitalized adjacent brain tissue would also be debrided. This might have led to additional neurologic deficit or lesser degree of recovery of functions. Method We studied the efficacy and safety of much more limited or even absence of surgical intervention in a selected group of wartime head-wounded patients. Among 1,150 war victims with penetrating head wounds referred to two major centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences during the 8-year period spanning the Iran-Iraq conflict, there were 191 head-wounded patients who underwent either no surgical intervention or a very limited debridement. We have attempted to follow up as closely as possible for more than 8 years. Ninety-nine of them fulfilled the criteria to be included in this series. Close follow-up for development of cerebral infections, functional recovery, or development of new neurologic deficits and epilepsy were performed. At least 3 contrast-enhanced CT scans were taken for each patient. All patients were victims of the battle-field areas with low- to moderate-velocity missile or shell fragment injury. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of the patients were between 8–14 when visited by the first attending neurosurgery staff. The factors considered to be effective in the outcome analysis were the entry point, the number of the in-driven bone fragments, the retained shell fragments, the brain compartments affected, and the paranasal sinus or skull base involvement with or without cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula. Results There were 13 unilobar, 44 bilobar, 4 trilobar, 38 transventricular, and 3 skull base lesions. The number of retained metal fragments varied between 1 to 6. The number of retained bone fragments varied between 1 to 5 in 73 victims and more than five chips in other cases. The outcome was good (back to work) in 90 patients and poor (severely disabled) in 4. Five patients died because of severity of brain damage and meningitis. The effect of the different enumerated variables upon the outcome was measured using χ 2 and Fisher exact test, which was nonsignificant for all of the variables except for the orbitofacial entry point of injury ( p = 0.00006). Conclusion This study seems to indicate that not only is reoperation for retained bone or shell fragments unnecessary, but surgeons having modern neuroradiological instruments available to detect the proper explanation for changes in GCS of the patients may decide not to proceed with any surgical intervention in a good number of patients. As a result of the “no surgical treatment protocol,” one can preserve cerebral tissue without exposing the patient to undue risk of seizures, infection, or death by leaving behind some or all the in-driven bone and shell fragments.